This book is a comprehensive history of the Jews in Russia and Poland from the death of Alexander I in 1825 to the death of Alexander III in 1894. It covers a period of great turmoil and upheaval for the Jews of Eastern Europe, as they faced increasing persecution and discrimination from both the Russian and Polish governments. Dubnow provides a detailed account of the pogroms, expulsions, and other forms of violence that were perpetrated against the Jews during this time. He also explores the social, economic, and cultural life of the Jews in Russia and Poland, and their efforts to resist assimilation and maintain their distinct identity.