This book provides a comprehensive overview of the period between 1273 and 1453, which is characterized as a time of transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. It covers significant historical events such as the rise of Joan of Arc, the Spanish Reconquista, the Crusades of the Teutonic Knights, and the union of Poland and Lithuania. The book also examines the rise of the Swiss Republic, the schism within the Papacy, and the growing power of the Ottoman Empire. Ultimately, it culminates in the fall of Constantinople, which marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire after 1500 years.