'Summa Theologica - 11 Pars Secunda Secundae, Treatise on the Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, Temperance' Summary

Saint Thomas Aquinas's *Summa Theologica* is a comprehensive theological work that explores a vast range of subjects within Christian thought. This particular selection focuses on the four cardinal virtues, which form the cornerstone of ethical conduct within the Christian tradition. Aquinas systematically examines each virtue through a series of questions and responses, delving into their nature, their relationship to human actions, and their role in living a virtuous life. In his exploration of **prudence**, Aquinas emphasizes the importance of right reason in guiding human action, highlighting the need for careful deliberation and the ability to discern the best course of action in various circumstances. **Justice**, Aquinas argues, involves giving each person what is due to them, fostering harmony and fairness within society. He explores various forms of justice, including commutative, distributive, and legal justice, emphasizing the importance of upholding the common good. **Fortitude** is examined as the virtue that enables individuals to face difficulties and overcome challenges, particularly those that threaten their well-being or the well-being of others. Aquinas distinguishes between different forms of fortitude, including courage, patience, and perseverance. Lastly, **temperance** is presented as the virtue that moderates and regulates our desires and appetites, ensuring that they are properly ordered and controlled. Aquinas explores the various aspects of temperance, including moderation in pleasure, self-control, and the ability to manage our passions. Through his exploration of these four cardinal virtues, Aquinas offers a framework for living a virtuous life, grounded in reason, justice, strength, and moderation. His work serves as a valuable resource for understanding the ethical principles that guide Christian thought and practice.