'طبائع الاستبداد ومصارع الاستعباد (Tabai al-Istibdad wa-Masari al-Isti’bad)' Summary

“Tabai al-Istibdad wa-Masari al-Isti’bad” is a critical examination of tyranny, exploring its origins, mechanisms, and consequences. Al-Kawakibi, in his analysis, identifies two central aspects of tyranny: the dominance of ignorance over knowledge and the subjugation of reason by self-interest. He posits that the foundation of human nature is freedom, guided by reason, but societal structures often deviate from this principle, leading to enslavement and oppression. Al-Kawakibi criticizes the concentration of wealth as a catalyst for tyranny, arguing that it breeds corruption and undermines justice. He emphasizes the importance of constitutional governance and public participation as essential safeguards against authoritarianism and advocates for a society where reason and justice prevail.